== LTE Unlicensed (LTE-U) ==
[[TOC(Other/Summer/2015*, depth=3)]]
=== Introduction ===
Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is the latest high-speed data standard of wireless communication. It is usually known as 4G LTE in cellphone or mobile devices.
LTE in Unlicensed (LTE-U) operates in open/unlicensed spectrum, such as in the 5GHz band. It aggregates with the licensed LTE in order to increase the data rate of the Advanced LTE system (unlicensed and licensed LTE system).
With the massive growth in data traffic and mobile devices, it is necessary to expand the mobile network system. While the licensed spectrum is limited in amount, the possible solution should be using the available unlicensed spectrum, even it might be conflict with the exist network, such as Wi-Fi.
It is recently proposed by Qualcomm, Ericsson, and Verizon that LTE-U should be utilize in unlicensed spectrum on the 5725-5850 MHz band so that it could be a "nice neighbor" with Wi-Fi.
=== Objectives ===
* Research on wireless communications, LTE, LTE-U and Wi-Fi in advance
* Simulate the LTE-U base station in ORBIT Lab using OMF commands, //WiMax//, and //OpenAirInterface//
* Transmit and Receive LTE Signal
* Apply analyzing tools, such as spectrum analyzer, GNU Radio, SNR
* Modify OAI source code and report the result
=== Theory ===
`OpenAirInterface` (OAI) is open-source based experimental research. It allows to simulate the digital communication environments, such as LTE.
[https://twiki.eurecom.fr/twiki/bin/view/OpenAirInterface/OpenAirDocumentation OAI Documentation]
Real-world testbed:
* OAI SW + OAI HW or USRP B210/X300
* OAI EPC + OAI eNB <–> COTS UE
* Commercial/3rd party EPC + OAI eNB <–>COTS UE
* OAI eNB <–>OAI UE
* OAI + Signal generator/spectrum analyzer
The source code
[http://svn.eurecom.fr/openair4G/releases/rel_0.1_26.10.2014/ OpenAir4G]
is organized into 6 main repositories for different use cases: //OpenAir1, OpenAir2, OpenAir3, OpenAir0, OpenAirCN, Targets.//
Each repository focuses on a different data communication layer or focus of 3GPP implementation.
[[Image(http://www.orbit-lab.org/raw-attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/OpenAirInterface.png, height=350, center)]]
===== OpenAir1 [http://svn.eurecom.fr/openair4G/releases/rel_0.1_26.10.2014/openair1/ Code] =====
* Open-source real-time and offline Software
* Baseband DSP SIMD-x86 routines for implementing LTE UE’s and eNB’s
* Simulation //TestBenches// for all LTE PHY/transport channels
* `Sensing Localization Techniques`
* `PHY modeling tools`
* `Propagating Measurement and Modeling`
* `Basic DSP Routines for implementing LTE specifications`
* Sounding Software, Physical (PHY) Abstraction Software, and Channel Simulation
* `Sound Software - Eurecom’s Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) OpenAir Sounder (EMOS)` ''allows multiuser MIMO channel measurements in real time and store measurements from both user equipment(UE) and evolved NodeB(eNB)''
* `PHY Abstraction Software` ''contains all real-time/simulation signal processing, unitary //TestBenches// for the different channel coders and decoders, and modulation/demodulation (includes FFT/SC-FDMA front-end processing)''
* `Channel Simulation Software` ''contains simulation routines to test PHY, and //TestBenches// for unitary simulation of physical channels, and full system simulation, such as PHY, MAC (medium access control), RLC (radio link control), RRC (radio resource control), PDCP (packet data convergence protocol)''
===== OpenAir2 [http://svn.eurecom.fr/openair4G/releases/rel_0.1_26.10.2014/openair2/ Code] =====
* Open-source real-time and offline Software
* Contains LTE MAC (36-213), RLC (36-322), PDCP (36-323), and two RRC implementations
* `LLC` ''establishes/controls logical links between local devices on a network''
* `MAC` ''controls access to the network medium to avoid conflicts''
* `Data Framing` ''is responsible for final encapsulation of messages into frames''
* `Addressing` ''labels information with a particular destination location''
* `Error Detection and Handling`
* S1 interfaces for user and control planes of the eNB, X2 Application Protocol (X2AP), and OAI network driver
===== OpenAir3 [http://svn.eurecom.fr/openair4G/releases/rel_0.1_26.10.2014/openair3/ Code] =====
* Open-source Linux Software suite for cellular and MESH networks
* Provides scripts and adaptations for the Linux networking suite
* Contains OAI-MME (Mobility Management Entity), which is responsible for authentication of the mobile devices
* `Network Access Control` ''manages authorization for UEs, allow to gain IP connectivity''
* `Radio Resource Management` ''decides radio resource management strategy (RRM)''
* `Mobility Management` ''provides seamless inter-working with multiple use cases such as Inter-eNB''
* `Roaming Management` ''supports outbound/inbound roaming subscriber''
* `UE Reach-ability` ''manages communication with the UE and HSS''
* `Tracking Area Management` ''allocates tracking area identity list to UE''
* `Lawful Intercept`
* `Load Balancing Between S-GWs`
===== OpenAir0 [http://svn.eurecom.fr/openair4G/releases/rel_0.1_26.10.2014/openairITS/ Code] =====
* Open-source real-time Hardware & Software for different Xilinx targets
===== OpenAirCN [http://svn.eurecom.fr/openair4G/releases/rel_0.1_26.10.2014/openair-cn/ Code] =====
* 3GPP-EPC implementation
* Small-scale 3GPP-EPC implementation
* Includes MME, P and S-Gateway, and HSS components
===== Targets [http://svn.eurecom.fr/openair4G/releases/rel_0.1_26.10.2014/targets/ Code] =====
* Top-level target designs for use with and without Hardware in emulated or real-time modes
=== Analyzing Tools ===
===== Spectrum Analyzer =====
||= '''Category''' =||= '''Hardware Spectrum Analyzer – Tektronix SA2600''' =||= '''Software Spectrum Analyzer – RTLSDR Scanner''' =||
|-----------------------------------------------------------
{{{#!th rowspan=2
[#FontStyles Characteristics]
}}}
|| `Wire Measurement` ''must be connect with 30dB attenuator to avoid saturation'' ||\
|| `PROS` ''user-friendly, convenient, remote access, software-based spectrum analyzer'' ||
|| `Wireless Measurement` ''requires much higher gain than using wire'' ||\
|| `CONS` ''Realtek 2832 EZCap can’t tune to frequencies higher than 1.8GHz'' ||
|-----------------------------------------------------------
||= [#Graph Graphs] =||\
|| [[Image(http://www.orbit-lab.org/raw-attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Tektronix(1).png, height=300, center)]] ||\
|| [[Image(http://www.orbit-lab.org/raw-attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/RTLSDR(1).png, height=300, center)]] ||
|-----------------------------------------------------------
===== GNU Radio =====
GNU Radio is an important software-based tool, being used to obtain the FFT Plot, the Constellation Plot, and the Waterfall Plot.
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Necessary_Commands_Links_GNU.docx.pdf How to use GNU Radio]
===== Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) =====
There are 2 methods to approximate the SNR:
* `Method 1` Estimate the noise power by measuring the received signal power when transmitter is turned off.
* `Method 2` Estimate the noise power by calculating the received signal variance.
[[Image(http://www.orbit-lab.org/raw-attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/SNR.png, width=180, center)]]
SNR Estimation MATLAB Program:
=== Experiment 1: Transmit and Receive LTE Signal ===
The experiment is simulated in Sandbox 1 with `USRP Hardware Driver` (UHD) using `OpenAirInterface` (OAI) software.
{{{#!html
Figure 1a. Received LTE Signal ASCII Plot
}}}
The left figure shows the overview of the received LTE signal: the carrier and the sidebands. The right figure indicates clearly that there are noises in both the carrier and the sideband.
The SNR can be quickly estimated by taking the average of the carrier or (around -50dB) and subtract by the average of the sideband (around -90dB). Thus, the SNR should be approximately 40dB.
The SNR calculated by the MATLAB Program gives a very close result: 38.8 dB
{{{#!html
Figure 1b. I/Q Samples
}}}
__'''Note'''__:
* '''PSS''' ''Primary Synchronization Signal''
* Transmitted twice per 10 ms radio frame
* Uses sequence known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadoff%E2%80%93Chu_sequence Zadoff-Chu]
* Sequence of length 62
* '''SSS''' ''Secondary Synchronization Signal''
* Uses sequence known as [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_length_sequence M-sequence]
* 2 Binary sequences of length 31
* '''CFI''' ''Control Format Indicator''
* '''CSRS''' ''Cell Specific Reference Signal''
=== Experiment 2: The Waterfall Plot ===
The experiment is simulated in GNU Radio and Spectrum Analyzer (Tektronix SA2600) after activating the LTE eNB Base Station to transmit signal.
{{{#!html
Figure 2a. GNU Radio Block Diagram
}}}
{{{#!html
Figure 2b. The Constellation Plot
}}}
{{{#!html
Figure 2c. The FFT obtained from GNU Radio (left) and Tektronix SA2600 (right)
}}}
{{{#!html
Figure 2d. The Waterfall Plot obtained from GNU Radio (left) and Tektronix SA2600 (right)
}}}
=== Experiment 3: Varying Bandwidths ===
=== Experiment 4: TDD with Varying Bandwidths ===
=== Members ===
{{{#!html
Cat Le Electrical and Computer Engineering Rutgers University
Demetrios Lambropoulos Electrical and Computer Engineering Rutgers University
Steven Cheng Electrical and Computer Engineering Rutgers University
}}}
*Led by Dola Saha and Ivan Seskar
=== Materials ===
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Week_1.pdf Presentation: Week 1]
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Week_2.pdf Presentation: Week 2]
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Week_3.pdf Presentation: Week 3]
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Week_4.pdf Presentation: Week 4]
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Week_5.pdf Presentation: Week 5]
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Week_6.pdf Presentation: Week 6]
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Week_7.pdf Presentation: Week 7]
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/OpenAirInterface.pdf OpenAirInterface]
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Week_8.pdf Presentation: Week 8]
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Week_9.pdf Presentation: Week 9]
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Week_10.pdf Presentation: Week 10]
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Week_11.pdf Presentation: Week 11]
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Week_12.pdf Presentation: Week 12]
=== Resources ===
[http://www.nctatechnicalpapers.com/Paper/2014/2014-lte-unlicensed-augmenting-mobile-data-capacity-but-coexistence-needs-consideration LTE Unlicensed Augmenting Mobile Data Capacity But Coexistence Needs Consideration]
[http://www.huawei.com/ilink/en/download/HW_327803 U-LTE: Unlicensed Spectrum Utilization of LTE]
[https://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/files/white-paper-extending-lte-advanced-to-unlicensed-spectrum.pdf Extending LTE Advanced to Unlicensed Spectrum]
[http://www.signalsresearch.com/Docs/LTE%20U%20SRG_whitepaper_120214.pdf The Prospect Of LTE And Wi-Fi Sharing Unlicensed Spectrum]
[http://www.orbit-lab.org/attachment/wiki/Other/Summer/2015/aSDR3/Sagari_phdForumMobiSys%20(1).pdf Coexistence of LTE and WiFi Heterogeneous Networks via Inter Network Coordination]
